While debugging segmentation faults (crashes) in PHP and its extensions, I often use Valgrind to assist me finding the root cause. Valgrind is an instrumentation framework for building dynamic analysis tools. It contains several tools, and its Memcheck tool is the one that detects memory-management problems. Memcheck is really valuable for C and C++ developers and something you should learn, especially when you write PHP extensions.

Memcheck's error messages can sometimes be difficult to understand, so with this (infrequent series), I hope to shed some light on it.

Let's have a look at the following Valgrind error output, which I encountered while debugging issue PHP-963 of the MongoDB driver for PHP:

==18500== Invalid read of size 8
==18500==    at 0xC5FB7F1: zim_MongoCursor_info (cursor.c:866)
==18500==    by 0x9AF93F: execute_internal (zend_execute.c:1480)
==18500==    by 0xBF1B8FD: xdebug_execute_internal (xdebug.c:1565)
==18500==    by 0x9B0715: zend_do_fcall_common_helper_SPEC (zend_vm_execute.h:645)
==18500==    by 0x9B0D88: ZEND_DO_FCALL_BY_NAME_SPEC_HANDLER (zend_vm_execute.h:756)
==18500==    by 0x9AFCAA: execute (zend_vm_execute.h:410)
==18500==    by 0xBF1B47C: xdebug_execute (xdebug.c:1453)
==18500==    by 0x976CC6: zend_execute_scripts (zend.c:1315)
==18500==    by 0x8F3340: php_execute_script (main.c:2502)
==18500==    by 0xA172B9: do_cli (php_cli.c:989)
==18500==    by 0xA1825E: main (php_cli.c:1365)
==18500==  Address 0x38 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd

An Invalid read means that the memory location that the process was trying to read is outside of the memory addresses that are available to the process. size 8 means that the process was trying to read 8 bytes. On 64-bit platforms this could be a pointer, but also for example a long int.

The last line of the error report says Address 0x38 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd, which means that the address that the process was trying to read 8 bytes from starts at 0x38. The line also says that the address is unavailable through stack space, heap space (malloc), or that it was recently a valid memory location.

A very low address, such as 0x38 (56 in decimal), combined with size 8 often indicates that you tried to dereference an element of a struct which was pointed to by a NULL pointer.

When I checked line 866 of cursor.c I saw:

add_assoc_string(return_value, "server", cursor->connection->hash, 1);

cursor is a struct of type mongo_cursor which is defined as:

typedef struct {
        zend_object std;

        /* Connection */
        mongo_connection *connection;
        …
} mongo_cursor;

The zend_object std; is a general struct that is part of every overloaded object (overloaded in the PHP Internals sense) and contains four pointers that make up the first 32 bytes. This means that connection starts at offset 32.

The connection member is a struct of type mongo_connection that is defined as:

typedef struct _mongo_connection
{
        time_t last_ping;         //  0
        int    ping_ms;           //  8
        int    last_ismaster;     // 12
        int    last_reqid;        // 16
        void  *socket;            // 24
        int    connection_type;   // 32
        int    max_bson_size;     // 36
        int    max_message_size;  // 40
        int    tag_count;         // 44
        char **tags;              // 48
        char  *hash;              // 56
        mongo_connection_deregister_callback *cleanup_list; // 64
} mongo_connection;

I've added the offsets as they are on a 64-bit platform as comments.

In C the code cursor->connection->hash gets converted to an address as follows:

1. Take the address in cursor

2. Find the offset for the connection member (32)

3. Find the address that is stored at offset 32 (In my example, that'd be NULL)

4. Find the offset of hash in the struct that connection represents (56)

5. Read the pointer data (8 bytes data) at the address from step 3 plus the offset of step 4.

This reads 8 bytes of data from address 56 (0x38) which is not valid, and hence Valgrind produces the error message, and then kills the process.

In short, an error where Address 0x38 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd has a low address in the message often means a NULL-pointer dereference.